Systematic analysis of prognostic significance, functional enrichment and immune implication of STK10 in acute myeloid leukemia

Background Despite deeper understanding of the genetic landscape of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the improvement of survival is still a great challenge. STK10 is overexpressed in several cancers with functions varying according to cancer types. But the functions of STK10 in AML has never been reported. Methods We analyzed the expression, prognosis and potential functions of STK10 utilizing public web servers. Metascape and the String database were used for functional and protein–protein interaction analyses. Results We found STK10 was enriched in blood & immune cells and overexpressed in AML. High STK10 expression was associated with poor overall survival, which was also identified in the subgroups of patients ≤ 60 years old and patients with non-high-risk cytogenetics. We demonstrated genes associated with STK10 were enriched in blood, spleen and bone marrow, influencing the immune function and biological process of AML. ITGB2 and ITGAM might directly interact with STK10 and were associated with poor prognosis. Besides, STK10 was associated with the infiltration of immune cells and immune checkpoints, like HLA-E, CD274 and GAL-9. Conclusions The present study was the original description of STK10 in AML and set the stage for developing STK10 as a new prognostic marker or therapeutic target for AML. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12920-022-01251-7.

in ewing sarcoma [5], indicating that STK10 might play diverse functions according to different tumor types.
A vital function of STK10 is to phosphorylate the pololike kinase 1 (PLK1) [3], which has been found to be involved in the regulation of the cell cycle, especially in the G2/M transition and during mitosis [6][7][8][9]. PLK1 is overexpressed in several solid tumors and leads to poor prognosis, as well as in AML [7,9,10]. STK10 also functions as an ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) kinase, activating the ERM family of proteins which are involved in the development and metastasis of various types of cancers, like prostate cancer, breast cancer and rhabdomyosarcoma, etc. [3,[11][12][13]. The knockout or caspase cleavages of STK10 result in dephosphorylation of ERM, further inhibiting cell migration [3,11]. According to a recent study, ezrin (EZR), a member of ERM, has been identified as a marker of poor prognosis in AML. EZR inhibitors successfully inhibited the viability and autonomous clonal growth in AML cells [14]. These observations may suggest an indication of the regulating function of STK10 in AML. However, the potential functions of STK10 in AML have not been explored so far.
In the present study, we uncovered the characteristic of STK10 expression in AML, as well as the prognostic values of STK10. Then we investigated the functions of STK10-associated genes and the interaction between STK10 and the STK10-related proteins. Finally, the relationship between STK10 expression and immune cell infiltration in AML was also explored. Our work has made some contributions to our understanding of the biological functions of STK10 in AML.

Human Protein Atlas (HPA) analysis
HPA (https:// www. prote inatl as. org) is open access for users. It provides a huge atlas by various omics technologies, including antibody-based imaging, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, transcriptomics and systems biology [2]. We acquired STK10 expression in different cell types by searching the term "STK10" in the field of "Cell Type category (RNA)". The result provides a summary of single-cell RNA, denoted by normalized expression (NX) of transcripts per million (TPM), from all normal single cell types.

Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) analysis
GEPIA (https:// www. gepia. cancer-pku. cn) is developed based on the RNA-seq data of 9,736 tumors and 8,587 normal samples from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Genotype-Tissue Expression project (GTEx) [15]. The general module on the homepage of the website provides the summary information and gene expression profile. The bar plot was adopted to present STK10 expression across all tumor samples and paired normal tissues, in which the ordinate offers TPM values of samples.

GEO, TCGA and GETx data download and process
To compare the expression of STK10 between tumor and normal tissues, we acquired the TPM format of RNA-seq data in TCGA and GTEx database that uniformly processed by Toil's method [16] from UCSC Xena (https:// xenab rowser. net/ datap ages/). Then we download the latest RNA-seq and clinical information from the TCGA database (https:// portal. gdc. cancer. gov/). The data from the TCGA database was transformed from HTSeq-fragments per kilobase per million (FPKM) to TPM for the following analysis.
Besides, we acquired expression data of GSE9476 [17] from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository (https:// www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/ gds/) to verify the results we concluded. GSE9476 provides expression profiling by array, collected from leukemic blasts of 26 AML patients and CD34+ selected cells of 8 BM of health donors. The log2 expression value obtained from gcRMA analyses was processed in our analysis.

Metascape analysis
Metascape (http:// metas cape. org) is a practical tool to infer enriched biological pathways. By submitting overlapping genes in the multiple gene list module, functional enrichments in Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed automatically [18]. Metascape database also provides enrichment analysis with Pattern Gene Database (PaGenBase) [19], providing further views in cells, tissues or organs the genes enriched in, and Transcriptional Regulatory Relationship Unraveled by Sentence-based Text mining (TRRUST) [20], offering key regulatory factors of the gene list.

String analysis and process
The String database version 11.0b (https:// string-db. org/) could provide known and predicted protein-protein interactions (PPI) covering 24,584,628 proteins from 5090 organisms [21]. We employed the multiple proteins module to identify existing proteins by submitting the genes associated with STK10, and further constructed the PPI network. Through the Cytoscape software (v3.8.0) [22], we disposed of the string interaction file, produced by the String database automatically, for visualization of the network.

Immune infiltration
ssGSEA algorithm was used to assessment the level of immune infiltration [23]. The method uses a gene set which provides specific makers of immune cells to calculate the enrichment score of immune cells. After getting the level of immune infiltration in each sample, the Spearman's test was used for exploring the correlation of STK10 with immune infiltration.

Statistical analysis
Analyses of samples were processed using R (version 3.6.3). We classified the data into two groups according to the median value of STK10 expression. Categorical variables, like sex, age, cytogenetic risk and French-American-British (FAB) classifications, were tested by Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests. Continuous variables mainly included White blood cell (WBC) count, BM blasts, peripheral blood (PB blasts) and gene expression. If the continuous variable does not obey normal distribution, examined by the Shapiro-Wilk test, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for the comparison, otherwise the Student-t test was adopted. Gene expression between STK10 high and STK10 low groups with the absolute value of log2 fold change (log 2 FC) > 1 and P.adj < 0.5 was considered as differentially expressed. The Spearman's test was implemented to probe the correlation between STK10 and related genes, as well as immune cell infiltration level. Overall survival (OS) was compared using the Logrank testing. P value < 0.05 was considered as significant (ns: P > 0.05, *: P < 0.05, **: P ≤ 0.01, ***: P ≤ 0.001).
Univariate and multivariate survival analyses was carried out using Cox regression models to test the function of STK10 in predicting patients' survival. The multivariate survival analysis would be performed based on factors with statistical significance (P < 0.05) in the univariate analysis.

STK10 overexpression in AML
To elucidate the cell type specificity of STK10 expression, we first analyzed STK10 expression based on the RNA-seq data from the HPA database. We listed the top 40 cell types based on nTPM (normalized transcripts per million) value of STK10 and numbered the top five with the value of nTPM. The levels of STK10 mRNA expression were higher in blood &immune cells, like NK cells, Dendritic cells, kupffer cells, T-cells and macrophages (Fig. 1a). Subsequently, we tested the expression of STK10 in different types of cancers by comparing the RNA-seq data of TCGA and GTEx projects in the GEPIA database. The results revealed that the level of STK10 expression was up-regulated significantly in AML (Fig. 1b). Figure 1c uncovered the difference of STK10 expression between 173 AML and 70 normal BM samples individually (P < 0.001). The ROC curve was also adopted to examine the capacity of STK10 to distinguish AML from normal samples. As presented in Fig. 1d, the area under the curve (AUC) was 1.00 (P < 0.001), suggesting the expression of STK10 could be an ideal marker to distinguish AML from normal tissues. Then we verified the expression of STK10 in GSE9476, another dataset from GEO. And the differential expression of STK10 was also observed ( Fig. 1e, P < 0.001).

Relationships between STK10 and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with AML
We stratified 151 patients into two groups based on the median value of the STK10 expression (median value, 77.64). Characteristics between the two groups were summarized in Table 1. 75 patients were classified into the STK10 low group, and 76 patients were in the STK10 high group. Significant differences were observed in age grouped by 60 years old (P = 0.025) and cytogenetic risk stratification (P < 0.001) between STK10 low and STK10 high groups. No significant differences existed in gender, WBC count, BM blast, PB blasts and FAB classification.
We next tested the expression of STK10 in different groups of age and cytogenetic risk stratification. In the patients > 60 years old, the expression of STK10 was higher when compared to the patients ≤ 60 years old (P = 0.034, Fig. 2a). STK10 was overexpressed in intermediate-(P < 0.001) and poor-(P < 0.001) risk groups compared with the favorable group (Fig. 2b). And there was no difference between intermediate-and poor-risk groups. Based on the ROC curve, we found that low expression of STK10 could serve as a diagnostic factor in predicting the favorable cytogenetic risk with medium accuracy (AUC = 0.832, CI 0.757-0.908, Fig. 2c. We further evaluated the STK10 expression in specific cytogenetics (Fig. 2d). STK10 expression was the lowest in the inv(16) group, showing no difference with that in the t(15;17) and t(8;21) groups, compared with the intermediate-or poor-risk groups. In addition, the expression of STK10 indicated no statistical significance between the intermediate-and poor-risk groups. The association between STK10 expression and OS of patients with AML was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis, which indicated that low expression of STK10 was correlated with favorable OS in AML (HR 1.85, CI 1.21-2.84, P = 0.003, Fig. 3a). We further explored the relationship between STK10 expression and OS of the specific subgroups. As shown in Fig. 3b, c, among the patients ≤ 60 years old, the patients with STK10 low expression had higher OS when compared with those with STK10 high expression (P = 0.049). However, the OS benefit of STK10 low expression could not be seen among the patients > 60 years old (P = 0.214). Similarly, the significant difference in OS between the STK10 low and STK10 high expression could only be found in the favorable & intermediate risk group (P = 0.009, Fig. 3d, e).
We performed univariate and multivariate survival analyses based on patients' clinical characteristics and the expression of STK10 by cox regression analysis. As presented in Additional file 1, the P values of age, cytogenetic risk and STK10 in the univariate analysis show statistical significances. In further multivariate analysis, the HR (95% CI) between STK10 low and STK10 high groups is 1.562 (1.001-2.438) with statistical significance (P = 0.050). This result indicates the expression of STK10 could predict patients' survival as an independent prognostic factor.
STK10 associated gene analysis between STK10 high and STK10 low groups in AML In order to further evaluate the functional role of STK10 in AML, we first analyzed the expression of differential genes between STK10 low and STK10 high groups based on the TCGA database. A total of 1999 genes had a significant difference between STK10 high and STK10 low groups (P.adj < 0.05, |log 2 FC|> 1, see Additional file 2), including 704 up-regulated genes (red triangle) and 1295 downregulated genes (blue triangle) as shown in the volcano plot (Fig. 4a).
Then the correlation of genes in conjunction with STK10 expression was identified by the Spearman's correlation test. A total of 5804 gens were found correlated with STK10 expression (P < 0.05, and |cor|≥ 0.3, Additional file 3). We listed the top ten of 5228 positively correlative genes and the top ten of negatively 576 correlative genes in Fig. 4b. Among the positively correlative genes, 319 genes were significantly up-regulated (Fig. 4c). And 178 genes were significantly down-regulated in the negatively correlative genes (Fig. 4d). The overlapping genes were processed into biological function analysis and PPI analysis subsequently.

Biological function of STK10-associated overlapping genes
We then investigated the biological function of the 497 overlapping genes in the Metascape database. As listed in Fig. 5a, the summary of enrichment analysis in PaGenBase revealed the overlapping genes were mainly enriched in blood, spleen and BM, indicating their potential function in the hematological system. Through the GO/KEGG pathway annotations, we found that these genes were associated with several biological processes of leukemia, like regulation of cytokine production, phagocytosis, myeloid leukocyte activation, leukocyte migration and tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production (Fig. 5b). Besides, three clusters belonged to the immune system, including the immune effector process, regulation of defense response, and immunoregulatory interactions between a Lymphoid and a non-Lymphoid cell. Besides, relevant regulatory genes of the overlapping genes provided by TRRUST were presented in Fig. 5c, some of which have been identified as crucial factors in leukemogenesis, such as SPI1, CEBPA, STAT1, TP53, RARA and WT1 [24][25][26][27][28][29].

PPI identifies the STK10-related proteins
The PPI analysis was conducted by inputting the 497 overlapping genes into the String database. As a result, 172 nodes and 631 edges were obtained (Additional file 4). The nodes colored yellow were the proteins that directly interacted with STK10. We showed the proteins at length in Fig. 6a, including 8 nodes and 23 edges. Among them, ITGB2 (also called LFA-1) and ITGAM were overexpressed in AML (Fig. 6b, e) and positively correlated with STK10 (P < 0.001, Fig. 6c, f ). According to the K-M plot, ITGB2 and ITGAM were also related to poor OS in AML (P = 0.003 and P = 0.027 respectively, Fig. 6d, g). The expression of ITGB2 and ITGAM in the dataset GSE9476 was also higher in tumor samples compared with donors (Additional file 5a, c). Both ITGB2 and ITGAM was positively correlated with STK10 expression in GSE9476 (Additional file 5b, d).
In Fig. 6a, seven genes were found to be associated with STK10 directly in the protein-protein interactions analysis, including CEACAM3, ITGAM, TNFRSF1B, ADAM8, ITGB2, SH3BP5 and MS4A3. Mann-Whitney U test was adopted to compare the expression of these genes between normal tissues and tumor samples from AML. And five genes (CEACAM3, ITGAM, ADAM8, ITGB2 and SH3BP5) were selected to enter the univariate and multivariate survival analyses with STK10 to prove that whether high STK10 expression is an independent prognostic indicator in AML.As shown in Additional file 6, high level expression of ITGAM, ITGB2 and STK10 own statistical significances (P < 0.05) in the univariate analysis. In the further multivariate analysis, the HR (95% CI) between the high expression level and low expression level of STK10 is 1.610 (1.015-2.554) with statistical significance (P = 0.043), indicating STK10 could act as a prognostic indicator for patients with AML at the genetic level.

STK10 expression and immune cell infiltration in AML
The results above suggested that STK10 associated genes were involved in immunologic function (Fig. 5b). Thus, we further explored the relationship between STK10 and immune cell infiltration in AML. As shown in Fig. 7a, STK10 was significantly positively correlated with several immune cells, like regulatory T cells (TReg), CD8 T cells, T follicular helper (TFH), Th17 cells, NK CD56 dim cells and cytotoxic cells (|cor|≥ 0.3, P < 0.05). Grouped by the median value of STK10 expression, the infiltration levels of all these immune cells were significantly higher in the STK10 high group (Fig. 7b, d, f, h, j, l). The correlation of STK10 expression with immune cell infiltration was also evaluated (Fig. 7c, e, g, i, k, m), revealing the positive association with STK10.
We know that NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) exert the antitumor effect through the combination of the receptors on the surface of the effector cells and the corresponding ligands on the surface of the target cells [30][31][32]. Therefore, we explored the association between STK10 expression and these ligands on the surface of AML cells, such as HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-E, PD-L1(CD274), PD-L2 and GAL-9(produced by LGALS9), etc. Among them, HLA-E, CD274 and LGALS9 were overexpressed on tumor cells (Fig. 8a, d, g) and predicted poor OS in AML (Fig. 8b, e, h). Moreover, Spearman's correlation test revealed the positive correlation between these ligands on tumor cells with STK10 (Fig. 8c, f, i). We also explored the expression of HLA-E and LGALS9 in GSE9476. The results were consistent with our findings above that HLA-E was overexpressed on tumor cells and positively correlated with STK10 expression (Additional file 5e, f). Although the expression of LGALS9 on tumor samples was higher as well, the spearman's correlation test showed there was no statistical correlation between STK10 and LGALS9 (Additional file 5g, h).

Discussion
AML is a highly heterogeneous disease with different outcomes even among patients with the same known genetic background, indicating more accurate prognostic and therapeutic targets need to be developed. The possible mechanisms of the poor prognosis include the existence of leukemia stem cells, the interaction with BM microenvironment, immune evasion or clonal evolution leading to primary or acquired chemoresistance. The overexpression and potential pathogenetic significance of STK10 in multiple cancers have been observed [5,11,33]. However, the relationship between STK10 and AML has not been examined to date and needs to be further explored.
The STK10 transcript was presented in several tissues and expressed highly in hematopoietic cells [34]. It had  Several studies related to the STK10 in cancers have defined the association of STK10 with diverse outcomes depending on the type of cancer [2]. In the current study, we demonstrated that high STK10 expression carried an increased risk of poor OS in AML. The same findings were also identified in the subgroups of the patients ≤ 60 years old or with the non-highrisk cytogenetics. Furthermore, the low expression of STK10 might become an indication of distinguishing the patients with favorable cytogenetics, including inv(16), t(8;21) and t (15;17), from the unfavorable cytogenetic risks. A slice of studies reported STK10 was mainly expressed in spleen, thymus, BM, placenta and peripheral blood leukocytes, indicating the potential pathogenetic significance in hematopoietic tissues [3,34]. Consistent with the above findings, our functional analysis manifested that STK10 associated genes showed functional specificity mainly in blood, spleen and BM. We also identified these genes were associated with several biological processes of leukemia, like regulation of cytokine production, phagocytosis, myeloid leukocyte activation, leukocyte migration and tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production, all of which were related to the origin, pathophysiology and histopathology of AML [35]. Besides, we reported two potential genes, which directly interacted with STK10, influenced the survival of AML patients. ITGB2 and ITGAM have tissue specificity on BM [2] and take part in a portion of vital biological processes. For example, ITGB2 is involved in adhesion, migration of leukocytes [36] and immune response including NK cell-induced cytotoxicity [37][38][39]. From a bioinformatics analysis, ITGAM and ITGB2 were also up-regulated in myeloma and involved in cytokinecytokine receptor interaction, innate immune response and inflammatory response that were similar to our results [40]. Moreover, the integrin ITGAM/ITGB2, associated with immunity and inflammation [41,42], was gradually increased along with hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) differentiation in mice [41], suggesting the indirect role of STK10 in immune and defense. However, this view still needs to be verified by further studies.
It is universally acknowledged that immune dysregulation is a general feature in most of cancers including AML. Infiltrating immune cells participate in the regulation of quite a few biological processes, like chemotherapy, immunotherapy, immune escape and disease progression [43,44]. Our work implicated that both CD56 dim NK cells and CD8 + T cells are positively associated with STK10. The mature CD56 dim /NKG2A-/ KIR+/CD57 + NK cells developing from CD56 bright / NKG2A + NK cells can exert greater cytotoxicity to HLA-E + target cells [30,45,46]. Previous studies reported that NKG2A, as an inhibitory receptor, was overexpressed in AML and associated with failure to achieve remission [46]. Consistent with these results above, we found HLA-E, the ligand for NKG2A on cancer cells, was also overexpressed indicating poor OS in AML. Moreover, our work unraveled that STK10 was positively correlated with the expression of HLA-E, potentially accounting for the crosstalk of HLA-E and STK10. Besides, NKG2A was also expressed on CD8 + T cells and identified as a new immune checkpoint [47,48].
The rationale for widespread exploration of programmed cell death 1 protein (PD-1) inhibitors in AML is supported by the increased expression of programmed cell death ligand 1(PD-L1, CD274) and its prognostic value [49]. By blocking either the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1 or its ligand PD-L1, PD-1 inhibitors activate T cell-induced antitumor activity [32,49]. T-cell immunoglobin mucin-3 (TIM-3) which could be activated by GAL-9 acted as an inhibitory receptor expressed on T cells [32]. Therefore, we studied ligands expression of these immune checkpoints. In our analysis, the expressions of GAL-9 and CD274 were higher in patients with AML, indicating poor prognosis as well. Moreover, a positive correlation between these immune checkpoints with STK10 expression was also observed. All the findings above suggested an immunoregulatory effect of STK10.
In summary, we clarified that STK10 was overexpressed in tumor cells and correlated with an unfavorable prognosis in AML. Functional studies revealed the close association of STK10 with several biological processes in AML. Besides, we identified two potential genes that may tightly interact with STK10 in the pathogenesis of AML, which required further investigation. Our findings also suggested that STK10 might influence immune cell infiltration and was associated with immune escape by interacting with some immune checkpoints. Taken together, our work led to the first expansion of our understanding of the significance of STK10 as a new prognostic factor or therapeutic target for AML.